Antibiotics // Cramberry: Create & study flash cards online

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Infection invasion of body by pathogenic microorganisms that reproduce and multiply, causing disease

Colonization the localized presence and multiplication of microrganisms w/out invasion or damage

Bacteremia the presence of viable bacteria in the blood

Septicemia systemic infection in which pathogens are present in the circulating bloodstream

Sepsis a syndrome involving multiple system organ involvement that is a result of microorganisms or their toxins circulating in the blood

4 Mechanisms of resistance * produce enzymes that degrade antibiotics * alter the drug's target sites on the bacteria * eliminate entry points for the antibiotic * manufacture pumps that export antibiotics before they can find their intracellular targets

3 characteristics of spread of resistance * studies show increasing number of drug resistant bacteria on the skin of family members of tetracycline users * heavy use of antibiotics in hospitals, day care centers, and farms * international travel common

reversing resistance in consumers (5) * wash raw fruit and vegetables clear off bacteria and antibiotic residues * avoid raw eggs and under-cooked meat * complete full courses of antibiotics * don't demand antibiotics for self-limiting/non-bacterial infections * limit use of antimicrobial soaps and lotions

reversing resistance prescribers (4) * take steps to identify pathogens before using antibiotics * prescribe narrow-spectrum, targeted antibiotics when possible * hand washing * isolate patients w/ multi-drug resistant infections

reversing resistance society (4) *promote the development of novel antimicrobial compounds *find alternative to antibiotic feed and sprays in agriculture *increase education efforts *track drug-resistant bacteria patterns

3 MOA of antibiotics *inhibition of cell wall synthesis *inhibition of protein synthesis *inhibition of DNA replication

Bactericidal kills bacteria

bacteriostatic prevents growth of bacteria

Seven classifications of antibiotics *beta-lactams *glycopeptides *aminoglycosides *fluoroquinolones *macrolides *tetracyclines *miscellaneous

4 types of penicillin * natural penicillin * penicillinase-resistant * aminopenicillin * antipseudomonal penicillin

4 types of Beta-Lactams * penicillins * cephalosporins * carbapenems * monobactams

Are cephalosporins bactericidal? yes

Are fluoroquinolones bactericidal? yes

Are macrolides bactericidal? only at high doses, they are bacteristatic at low doses

Macrolide indications (7) * Mycoplasma infections * legionella pneumonia * chlamydia infections during pregnancy * URI/LRI * STD * MAI infections * Acne

SMX-TMP sulfamethoxazole trimethoprim

4 parenteral only drugs # carbapenems # monobactam # glycopeptides # aminoglycosides

Aminoglycosides ADR (2) * nephrotoxic (predictable) * odotoxicity (and lose balance)

Staphylococcus G+ cocci

Escherichia coli enteric G- rods

Haemophilus influenza G- rods

Mycobacterium acid fast bacilli

Natural Penicillin spectrum G+

Penicillinase-resistant penicillin spectrum G+

Aminopenicillin spectrum G+ and some enterococci and influenza

Antipseudomonal spectrum G+

1st Gen Cephalosporin spectrum strong G+, weak G-, and all anaerobes

2nd Gen cephalosporins spectrum decent G+ and G-

3rd Gen cephalosporin spectrum weak G+ and strong G-

carbapenems spectrum wide spectrum

monobactams spectrum strong G-

Glycopeptides spectrum strong G+

Aminoglycosides spectrum strong G-

Fluoroquinolones spectrum strong G-

Macrolides spectrum G+ and G-

Tetracyclines spectrum G+ and G-

Metronidazole spectrum G+ and G- anaerobes

Clindamycin decent for G+ and G- aerobes and anaerobes

SMX-TMP G+ and G- aerobic