Chp.3 Key Terms // Cramberry: Create & study flash cards online

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The cellular process of a neuron that carries impulses away from the cell body. Axon

The part of the neuron that contains the nucleus and is essential for the continued life of the neuron. Cell body

The cellular rocesses of a neuron that carry impulses toward the cell body. Dendrites

The part of teh brain that is someties called the "emotional brain." It is associated with feelings of fear and anxiety; anger and aggresion; love, joy, and hope; and with sexuality and social behavior. Limbic system

The study of hormones functioning within the neurological system. Neuroendocrinology

A nerve cell; consists of a cell body, axon, and dendrites. Neuron

A chemical that is stored in teh axon terminals of the precynaptic neuron. n electrical impulse through teh neuron stimulates the release od the neurotransmitter into teh synaptic cleft, which in turn determines whether or not another eletrical impulse is generated. Neurotransmitter

Molecules that are situated on the cell membreane of the postsynpatic neuron that will accept only molecules with a complementary shape. These complementary molecules are specific to certian neurotransmitters that determine whether an electrical impulse will be excited or inhibited. Receptor sites

The junction between two neurons. The small space betwee the axon terminals of one neuron and the cell body or dentdrites of another is called the synaptic cleft. Synapse

The study of the biological foundations of cognitive, emotional and behavioral processes. Psychobiology

The deep groove that houses a band of 200 million neurons (nerve cells) Corpus callosum

Outer shell of the cerebrum Cortex

The dominant hemispheres controls speech, comprehension, rationality and logic Left hemisphere

Nondominant in most people. creative brain. associated with affect, behavior and spatial perceptual functions Right hemisphere

This lobe controls voluntary body movements. Plays a role in emotional experience. Alterations to this can cause changes in behavior. Has a connection to the limbic system. Frontal lobes

Lobe controlling behavior and interpretation (touch pain and body positoin), left hemisphere of this is what makes you interpret language. Parietal lobes

Lobe's upper part associated with auditory function. Lower part associated with short term memory. Lobe plays a role in expression of emotions due to its connection to the limbic system and also it might have connection to language interpretaton with the parietal lobe. Temporal lobes

Lobe assocaited with visual reception and interpretation. Lanaguage intrepretation also involved due to this. Occipital lobes

Integrates all sensory input except smell and has some involvement with emotions and mood. Thalamus

Regulates teh anterior and posterior lobes of the pituitary gland. Exerts control over the actions of the ANS, regulates appetite, and temperature. Hypothalamus

Fiber tracts connecting them with one another and with the hypothalamus. The emotional brain. Limbic system

Structures of major importance in the mesencephalon, or midbrain, including nuclei and fiber tracts. Includes visual reflexes, auditory reflexes and righting reflexes (keeping head at the upright position) Mesencephalon (Midbrain)

This bulbous structure is in between the medulla and the midbrain. Forms a major connection between the cerebellum and the brain stem. Contains connections of cranial nerve 5 through 8 and centers for respiration and skeletal muscle tones. Pons

Contains vital centers that regulate heart rate, blood pressure adn respirtion and reflex centers for swallowing sneezing coughing and commiting. contains nuclei for cranial nerves 9 through 12. Medulla

It is separated from teh brainstem by fourth ventricle. It is situated just below the occipital lobes of the cerebrum. its function is involuntary movement such as muscular tone and coordination and the maintenance of posture and equilibrum. Cerebellum

These cells carry impulses from the periphery to teh CNS, where they are interpreted into various sensations. Afferent (or sensory) neurons.

The cells carry impulses from the CNS to the muscles and glands of the periphery. Efferent (or motor) neurons

These cells exist entirely within the CNS and comprise 99 percent of all nerve cells. They may carry only sensory or motor impulses, or they may serve as integrators in the pathways between afferent and efferent neurons. Account in large part for thinking, feelings, learning, lanague and memory Interneurons

The small space between teh axon terminals of one neuron and the ell body or endrites of another is ... the synpatic cleft

Neurons conducting impulses toward the synpase Presynaptic neurons

Those neurons conducting impulses away are alled Postsynpatic neurons

It is a major effector chemical within the ANS. It im implicated in sleep, arousal, pain perception and the modulation and coordination of movement and memory acquitision and retention. Increased level of this is assocaited with depressions. Other disorders involved: Parkinsons Huntingtons and Alzeihmers. Acetylcholine

Involved in fight or flight syndrome. Found in the ANS at the Sympathetic postynaptic nerve terminals. It may have a role in the regulation of mood, in cognition and perception, in cardiovascular functioning and in sleep and arousal. Levels are decreased in dewpression and increased in mania, anxiety states and schizophrenia. Norepinephrine

Derived from the amino acid tyrosin. Arises from the midbrain and hypothalamus. It is involved in the regulation of movements and coordination, emotions, voluntary decision-making baility and because of its influence on the pituitary gland, it inhibits the release of prolactin. Decreased levels of this is part of the etiology of Parkinsons and depression. Increased levels of dopamine are associated with mania and schizophrenia. Dopamine

Derived from amino acid tryptophan. May play a role in sleep and arousal, linido, appetitie, mood, agresion and pain perception. Increaed levels of this is implicated in schizoprenia and anxiety levels. Decreased levels of this is associated iwth depression. Serotonin

The highest concentrations of histamine are found within various regions of teh hypothalamus. The exact processes are unclear but it may play a role in depressive illness. Histamine

This amino acid interrupts the progression of the electrical impulse of the synpatic junction, producing a significant slowdown of body activity. Decreased levels of this has been implicated in teh etiology of anxiety disorders, movement disorders such as Huntingtons disease and various forms of epilepsy. GABA

Highest concentrations of this in the CNS. It appears to be involved in recurrent inhibition of motor neurons within the spinal cord and is possibly involved in teh regulation of spinal and brainstem reflexes. Decreased levels of this has been implicated in pathogenesis of certain types of spastic disorders. Toxic accumulation of the neurotransmitter in teh brain and cerebrospinal fluid can result in"glycine encephalopathy" Glycine

Found in the pyramidal cells of the cortex, cerebellum and the primary sensory afferent systems. Functions in the relay of sensory information and in the regulation of various motor and spinal reflexes. Increased receptor activity has been implicated in the etiology of certain neurodegenertative disorders such as Parkinsons disease. Decreased receptor activity can induce psychotic behaviors. Glutamine

With their natural morphine-like properties, they are thought to have a role in pain modulation. Endorphins and Enkephalins

It is thought to play a role in sensory transmission, particularly in the regulation of pain. Substance P

Growth hormone inhibiting hormone. High concentrations of this is reported to be found in Huntington's disease; low concentrations have been reported in clients with Alzeihmers disease. Somatostatin

Thrity one pairs of nerves emerge from this. They are identigied by level of vertebrae. Spinal nerves

Composed of the nerve processes that connect the CNS (brain and spinal cord) with the receptors, muscles and glands in the periphery of the body. Peripheral Nervous System

It is only teh size of about a pea. Part of the neuroendocrine system. Direct control of the hypothalamus. Called the master gland. Pituitary gland