Anatomy Physiology Chap. 1

Cards

-logy the study of
Path- disease
neuro nerve
endo- with in
nuero nerve
endo within
cardi heart
vascular blood vessels
intra inside
extra outside
inter between
peri around
pleur rib
cell basic unit of life
tissue group of similar cells performing a specific function
Organ group of tissues working together to perform specific functions
Organ Systems A group of organs which work together to perform specific functions
11 Organ systems in the body Integumentry Skeletal muscular nervous endocrine circulatoroy Lymphatic (immune system) Respiratory digestive reproductive urinary or excretory
4 Major types of tissues Epithelial Tissue Muscle Connective Nerve
anterior Nearer to or at the front of the body
posterior Nearer to the back of the body
Superior toward the head or upper part of the structure
inferior away from head and body
ventral front of the body
dorsal back of the body
cranial toward the head
caudal away from the head
medial nearer to the midline
lateral farther from the midline
Proximal nearer to the attachment to the limb or trunk. Nearer to the origin of the structure
distal farther away from the attachment of the limb or trunk, farther from the origin of the structure
superficial toward or on the surface of the body
deep away from the surface of the body
external on the outside
internal on the inside
Two major body cavities Dorsal Ventral
Dorsal Cavity contains: the cranial,oral,and vertebral cavity
Ventral Cavity Contains: Thoracic cavity Adominoplevic cavity abdominal cavity Pelvic cavity
cranial cavity contains:the brain,the bones of the back bone (bones in the vertebreal column, spinal cord, meninges(fluid that the lines the vertebral canal
Thoracic cavity contains: chest cavity; contains pleural and pericardial cavities and mediastinum. heart lungs neck ribs
abomino plevic cavity subdivided into abominal and pelvic cavities. contains stomach,spleen,liver, gall bladder,small intestine, and most of the large intestine Plevic cavity: contains bladder internal organs of reproduction
diaphram sperates the abdominal and the thoracic cavity
Sagittal plane a vertical plane that divides the body or the organ into right and left sides
Midsagittal or median plane divides the midline of the body into right and left sides
Parasagittal plane divides the body into unequal right and left sides
Frontal or coronal plane divides the body into anterior and posterior or front and back sides
Transverse plane divides the organ into upper and lower sides or superior and inferior portions
oblique plane passes through the body or organ at an angle between a transverse plane and a saggital plane or a transverse plane and a frontal plane
Anatomy is the science of structures
dissection the carful cutting of a body part structures too study their relationships
physiology the sience of body functions. How the body works
Embryology the first eight weeks of development following the fertialization of an egg
Developmental biology the complete development of an individual from fertilization of an egg to death
Cell biology cellular structures and functions
Histology Microscopic structure of tissues
Surface anatomy surface markings of the body to understand internal anatomy through visualization and plapation
Gross anatomy structures that can be examined withouot using a microscope
Systemic anatomy structure of specific systems of the body such as the nervous or respitory system
Regional anatomy specific regions of the body such as the head or chest
Radiographic anatomy body structures that can be visualized with x-rays
Pathological anatomy Structural changes from gross to microscopic associated with disease.
Neurophysiology functional properties of nerve cells
Endocrinology Hormones and how they control body function
Cardiovascular physiology functions of the heart and blood vessels
Immunology how the body defends itself against disease causing agents
Respiratory physiology functions of the air passagways and lungs
Renal Physiology functions of the kidneys
Excersise physiology changes in cell and organ functions as a result of muscular activity
Pathophysiology functional changes associated with disease and aging
Chemicl level includes atoms. two or more atoms are joined toghether such as carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus and calcium as well as DNA
atoms the smallest units of matter
molecules two or more atoms joined together
atoms needed to maintain life carbon,oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, calcium, and sulfur
Levels of organization in the body Chemical Cellular tissue organ organ system Organismal
6 Basic processes for life Metabolism, catabolism, anabolism Responsiveness movement growth differentiation Reproduction
Metabolism is the sum of all chemical processes that occur in the body. It has two phases.
Catabolism the breakdown of chemical substances inot simpler components
anabolism the build up of complex chemical substances from smaller simpler components
Responsiveness the body's ability to detect and respond to changes
Movement includes motion of the body individual organs, single cells, and tiny structures inside cells
Growth is an increase in body size that results from and increase int the size of existing cells, an increase in the number of cells or both.
Differentiation the development of a cell from an unspecialized to a specialized state.
Stem cells precurser cells that divide and give rise to cells that that undergo differentiation.
Reproduction refers to either the formation of new cells for tissue growth, repair, or replacement,or the production of a new individual
Homeostasis is the condition of balance in the bodys enternal enviornment due to constant interaction of the body's many regulatory processes
body fluids dilute watery solutions containing dissolved chemicals that are found in the inside cells as well as the cells surrounding them
intracelluar fluid fluid within the cells
extracellular fluid fluid outside body cells
interstitial fluid fills narrow spaces between cells of tissues
blood plasma Extracellular fluid within blood vessels
lymph extracellular fluid within lymphatic vessels
cerebrospinal fluid extracellular fluid in and around the brain, and spinal cord
ovial fluid extracellular fluid in joints
aqueous humor and vitreous body extracellular fluid of the eyes
Feedback system is a cycle of events in which the status of a body condition is monitore, evaluated,changed, reevlauated and so on.
controlled condition body tempeture blood glucose levels are monitered
stimulus a distruption that changs a controlled condition
Feedback system has 3 compnents receptor control center effector
receptor body structure that monitors changes in a controlled condition and sends input to control center
Control center maintains and evlauates the input it recieves from receptors and generates output commands when needed
Effector body structure that recieves output from the control center and produces a response or effect that changes the controlled condition
Negative feedback system reverses a change in a controlled condition
Positive Feedback system strengthens or reinforces a change in one of the bodies controlled conditions
disorder any abnormality of structure or function
Disease Is a more specific term for an illness characterized by a regocnizeable set of signs and systems
Symptoms subjective changes in body functions that are not apparent too the observer
signs objective changes that a clinition can observe or measure
epidemiology science that deals with why,when,when, where diseases occur and how they are transmitted amoung individuals in a communtiy
Pharmocology study of the effects and uses of drugs in the treatment of disease
anatomical position subject stands errect facing the observer, with the head level an the eyes facing forward, the feet are flat on the floor, limbs are at sides with the plams up
prone postition if the body is laying face down
supine position the body is laying face up
Head Cephalic: consists of the skull and face includes eyes cheeks for head and chin
cervical neck
Axillary armpit
Brachial arm
antecubital front of elbow
antebrachial forearm
wrist carpal
Plamar or volar palm
digital or phlangeal fingers
femoral Thigh
Patellar anterior surface of the knee
crural leg
Pedal foot
tarsal ankle
digital or phalangeal Toes
hallux great toe
dorsum top of foot
Pubis Pubic
pelvic pelvis
manual hand
pollex thumb
inguinal groin
coxal hip
Umbilical Navel
mammary breast
sternal breastbone
mental chin
oral mouth
nasal nose
buccal cheek
otic ear
orbital or ocular eye
temporal temple
frontal forehead
occipital base of skull
scapular shoulder blades
cephalic back of head
vertebral spinal column
olecranal or cubital back of elbow
sacral between hips
gluteal buttock
perineal region between anus and external genitals
popliteal hollow behind knee
plantar sole
calcaneal heel
dorsum back of hand
serous membrane slippery doubled layered covers viscera within the the thoracic and abdominal cavitites and also lines the walls of the thorax and abdomen
pleura serous membrane of the pleura cavities
pericardium the serouos membrane of the paracardial cavity
peritoneum serouos membrane of the abdominal cavity
quadrant designation is used to locate the site of pain, tumor, or another abnormality
Medical imaging techniques and procedures used to create imgages of the human body
cranial cavity Brain,pituatary gland
Thoracic cavity Heart, Esophagus,Trachea, lungs,thymus gland, Bronchioles
adominal cavity stomach,spleen,appendix, samll intestine,liver,gallbladder,kidneys,large intestine
oral cavity tongue teeth
system which is involved with body movement muscular system
System which functions to support and protect the body Skeletal system
System which is involved with the production of hormones Endorine System
System whis is involved with the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide Respritory system
System which is involved with the transport of substances throughout the entire body Cardiovascular system
System which functions to breakdown nutrients ino smaller molecules digestive system
System which functions too remove chemical wastes from the body Urinary system
System which functions to produce the ova and the sperm Reproductive system
System which functions to control all bodily activites Nervous system
System which consists of the body's outer protective covering Integumentry system
System that functions to perpetuate the species reproductive system
System which is involved in the production of blood cells Skeletal
System which is composed of organs which have the ability too contract and relax Muscular
System which has the ability to transmitt messages throughout the body Nervous system
System which is involved with fighting microbes which may occasionally invade the body Lymphatic/immune
System which suppoies nutrients and oxygen and important chemicals to all body cells Cardiovascular
E.Coli are bacteria normally found in your large intestine. State two benifical activites these bacteria perform Absorbs water Synthesizes vitamin Bs and K
If the number of Ecoli is not balanced in the large intestines state two conditions which can result too much constipation too little diarrhea
Name the state which has the dubious distinction of having the highest obesity rate Missippi
One common way to organize physiological knowledge is to classify by organ-system
Physicology is the study of the bodies functiono often on the celluar or molecular level
Principle of complimentry the principle allows us to infer function or a component of the body based on it's structure and vice versa
To live an organism must be able to Move
To live organisms must be able to sense and respond to their internal environment
To avoid a reduction in size from generation to generation living organisms must be able to grow
Mediastinum Between the lungs extending from the sternum to the vertebral column and from the first rib to the diaphragm. It all the thoracic organs except for the lungs.