MANGT520 - Organizational Behavior Test 1

Cards

What are organizations? A social invention made up of people working in groups. Purpose is accomplishing goals through group effort. Ex. families, corporations, non-profits.
What is organizational behavior Attitudes and behaviors of people withing an organization
Why do we study org behavior We learn from other companies about what works and what doesn't
Goals of the field of org behavior 1) Predict what people do 2)Explain what is going on and why 3) Manage situation to arrive at the desired outcome
In the early days, management was done on a __________ approach trail-and-error
Scientific Approach to Management If we say X to person Y Z times, person Y will do something
Behavioral Approach to Management Environment doesn't play much of a role in productivity, but instead the interaction between the worker and the manager should be focused on (Hawthorne study)
Systems Approach/Contingency Theory Combination of scientific approach and behavioral approach. There are many variables in dealing with someone's behavior that there are not hard-and-fast rules for managing. Management decisions depend on the situation.
Difficulties of relying solely on common sense/3 variables of behavior in contingency theory 1) Not everyone has the same experiences 2) Behavior is value-laden 3) Common sense is over-generalized
Hypothesis An educated guess about the relationship between two variables
Reliability A process that can be reaped and the same results can be generated
Validity A process that measures what it's supposed to measure
A study about child-care availability for Freshmen may be _____ but not _____ Reliable, but not valid. Freshmen aren't generally parents, not a very good study.
Independent Variables What is manipulated in the study
Dependant Variable What is measured in the study
Control Group A collection of un-manipulated data used to compare against manipulated data
Subject What is being used to study and collect data on. The lab rats.
Instrument What is used to measure and collect data (ex. a survey or a scale)
Consent Getting permission from the subject to collect data on them
Data Raw info that has been collected on subjects using instruments
Investigator Who performs the study
Population The pool from which subjects can be drawn
Random Sample A group of subjects that are measured, must be gathered at random
Definition of Observational Research In-depth analysis of a group or org. We go to where the subjects are and observe them.
Purpose of Obersvational Research Describing and identifying problems, gathering quantitiative data. NOT used to find causality.
Methods used in Observational Research Interviews, observations, and records
Pros of Observational Research Provides first-hand experience
Cons of Observational Research Isn't conclusive, subject to observer bias, can be expensive
Definition of Correlational/Cross-sectional research Surveys and questionnaires are used to collect info. Surveys and closed-ended questions are used to get easily-scored answers.
Purpose of Correlational Research Show relationships between variables
Pros of Correlational Research Data collection is very efficient (fast and cheap)
Cons of Correlational Research Return rate may be low, incentives may be required, there may be bias in the response (ex. lying on the survey)
Causality is the first step to understanding ___________ why thigns are reported on the way they are
Basic Ethical Concern of Researchers The well-being of the subject is the primary concern (physical, mental, spiritual, emotional, etc.)
Hypothesis Generation Should only focus on the difference in one variable in one situation at a time
Reinforcement The process by which stimuli stengthen behaviors
Positive Reinforcement Giving something to someone
Negative Reinforcement Taking something away from someone
Immediate Reinforcement Consequences are felt immediately
Delayed Reinforcement Consequences are applied well after the act has occurred
Continuous Reinforcement The same consequence is applied every time the act is performed
Partial Reinforcement The same consequence is applied only some of the time the act is performed
Extinction The consequence is being ignored. May result in stopping the behavior or making it worse (i.e. they think they can get away with it)
Punishment The consequence is a counter-act that is aversive to the one who performed the act.
The chosen punishment must be truly _____ and must _______ aversive, match the behavior
3 reasons to punish immediately 1) They know they can't get away with it 2) They know why they are getting punished 3) Sets an example for everyone else
Do not reward unwanted behaviors _____________ before or after punishment
Do not inadvertantly punish ____________ desireable behavior
Behavior Modification - A change is behavior can occur through _______ Systematic Operant Learning (ex. Pavlov's Dog or Dwight with the candy)
What we get hired for Knowledge and skills
What we get fired for Attitudes and Habits
Perception A process of interpreting our senses
Perceptional Process Stimuli are triggered via senses, categorized into schemas (either through transforming the stimuli to fit a schema or creating a new schema), inferences are made based on past experiences with those schemas
Primacy Bias First impressions are lasting ones
Recency Bias The most recent experience. Some managers manage based on the latest thing to walk through the door, jerking employees around.
Halo Bias A percieved notoion that someone never changes (i.e. they can do no wrong or never do enough right). Common with coaches.
Implicity Personality Theory Bias A form of thinking wherein one personality trait instantly implies another based on past experiences.
Central Traits A person has a collection of characteristics they look for in people. Also called profiling. (e.x. Managers seeking employees that must have certain characteristics)
Stereotyping Making generalized assumptions based on one aspect (e.x. You're black, so you must like rap music.)
Projection Trying to find aspects of our personality or condition in others. Common between parents and children.
Values A broad preference for some states of affairs over others
Intellectual Values How much do you value intellegence and those who strive for more intellegence?
Economic Values How much to you value money?
Social How much do you value how you are percieved by others?
Political How do you think society should be structured and governed?
Religious How do you belive you should be governed interally/emotionally/spiritually?
Aestheic How do you percieve beauty?
_____ values tend to drive the other value systems Religious
Values influence how you ___________ and __________ when in the work place interact with others, the career path you take
Attidudes Fairly stable emotional tendency to respond to some specific object, situation, person, or category of people
Attidudes can ____, but not by other people. However, they can be _______. changed, influenced
3 requirements for people to be able to influence attitudes of others 1) Crediblity 2)Likeable in an unbiased manner 3)Realistic/Believeable
3 ways attitudes can be reinforced 1) Modeling an attitude for others to see 2) Social Reinforcement 3) Downplaying inappropriateness
3 components of all educational settings 1) Climate (both social and physical, must be positive) 2) Curriculum (what is being taught, must be applicable) 3) Methodology (how material is being taught, must be appropriate)
The best learners are 1) Actively involved 2) share experiences and knowledge 3) explore what is important 4) apply learning 5) learn relevant info 6) are busy, responsible 7)choose participation
Pedagogical vs Andragogical P: Teacher oriented, formal, authoritarian, comprised of readings and tests, graded on a curve, external motivation A: Student oriented, relaxed, mutual respect, project-based, graded with rubriks, internal motiviation
The least effective teaching method Lecture
The most effective teaching method Teaching others/immediate application
D-Type Personalities High ego, risk takers, like change, don't want to be taken advantage of
I-Type Personalities People oriented, optimistic, disorganized, fear loss of social approval, emotional
S-Type Personalities Team player, good listener, possesive, fears loss of status quo, slow to change
C-Type Personality Accurate, reserved perfectionalist, risk averse, fears criticism of work, needs info and explanation